SUBTITLING
Subtitling is the written translation of the spoken language (source language) of a television program or film into the language of the viewing audience (the target language); the translated text usually appears in two lines at the foot of the screen simultaneously with the dialogue or narration in the source language.
This simultaneous provision of meaning in two different languages, one in oral and the other in written text, is thus a new form of language transfer created by film and further developed by television. It combines the two ancient forms of interlingual communication, i.e., "interpretation," involving speaking only, and "translation," involving writing only. The concept is sometimes used synonymously with "captioning." In terms of technical production and display on the screen, there is no difference between the two, although it is useful to reserve the term "caption" for the screen display of writing in the same language.
Subtitling is, together with dubbing, the main form of translation or "language transfer" in television, which is increasingly developing into a global medium in a world fragmented by about 5,000 languages. The scope of language transfer activity depends on the relative power of the television market of each country, its cultural, linguistic and communication environment, and audience preferences. Compared with North America, the countries of the European Union, for example, have a larger population, more TV viewers, TV households and program production. However, linguistic fragmentation has undermined their ability to effectively perform in the global market, and compete with the powerful, monolingual audiovisual economy of the United States. As a step toward the building of a "European single market," the Council of European Communities took measures in 1990 to overcome the "language barrier" by, among other means, promoting dubbing, subtitling, and multilingual broadcasting (see the text of the decision in Luyken, p. 208; Kilborn, p. 654). The deregulated market of Eastern Europe, too, is linguistically fragmented, and heavily dependent on imports. The annual total of foreign programs broadcast in Eastern Europe was estimated to be 19,000 hours in 1992 (Dries 1994:35). English has emerged as the largest source language in the world. Many countries prefer to import programs from the Anglophone audiovisual market in part because it is more economical to conduct language transfer from a single source language
Thank you for sharing the article with me. It sounds like an informative read about CRM implementation failures and prevention strategies. CRM implementation can be a complex process, and understanding the common causes of failures is crucial for success. Poor planning is often a significant factor, as organizations may not adequately assess their needs, set clear goals, or align CRM implementation with their overall business strategy. Insufficient user adoption is another common issue, where employees may resist using the CRM system due to lack of buy-in, perceived complexity, or inadequate training.
To prevent CRM implementation failures, it's important to prioritize the following:
Clearly define your goals, involve key stakeholders, and conduct a detailed analysis of your organization's requirements. Consider the specific processes, workflows, CRM data enrichment, and data integration needs to ensure a successful implementation.
Obtain buy-in and support from top-level management to drive the CRM implementation initiative. Leaders should communicate the benefits, address concerns, and actively participate in the process.
Involve end-users early in the process, gather their input, and address their concerns. Provide comprehensive training to ensure users understand the system's benefits and how it aligns with their roles and responsibilities.
Clean and organize your existing data before migrating it to the CRM system. Poor data quality can hinder the effectiveness of the CRM and lead to frustration among users.
Consider a phased approach rather than a big-bang implementation. Start with smaller, manageable pilot projects, gather feedback, and refine the implementation before scaling up.
Implement a change management strategy to address resistance, facilitate user adoption, and create a culture of continuous improvement. Communication, education, and ongoing support are key elements of successful change management.
Remember that CRM implementation is not just a one-time project; it requires ongoing maintenance, optimization, and continuous improvement. Regularly review and evaluate the system's performance, gather user feedback, and make necessary adjustments to ensure its effectiveness in meeting your organization's goals.
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This post was edited by Emil Bolyko at March 1, 2022 7:22 AM EST