Humans can reach Mars after a few dozen years, but it takes hundreds or even tens of thousands of years to reach the extrasolar planet.
Elon Musk, CEO of SpaceX, wants to have a city of a million people on Mars by 2050. This goal sounds very ambitious because humans have never set foot on the surface of Mars. So how long will it take humans to colonize another planet? Can humans colonize celestial bodies outside the solar system?
The answers to these questions depend on the destination. With Mars, several decades are not necessarily unrealistic. According to Serkan Saydam, deputy director of the Australian Center for Space Engineering Research and a professor at the University of New South Wales, the colonization of Mars could be possible for several decades. "I believe that by 2050, we will have a human colony on Mars," he said.
According to Saydam, the first important thing when establishing a Martian colony is water, and water can be extracted from ice and hydrated minerals. He thinks water will boost agriculture and the ability to grow food on Mars. Meanwhile, hydrogen from ice and minerals could be used to power rockets.
Other scientists are not so optimistic. Astronaut engineer Louis Friedman, co-founder of the nonprofit organization The Planetary Society, thinks the colonization of Mars is unlikely in the near future. Rachael Seidler, a neuroscientist at the University of Florida who has worked with NASA astronauts, thinks this sounds far-fetched.
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However, humanity will probably reach Mars in a few decades. China plans to start sending crews to Mars by 2033, while NASA's goal is the late 2030s or early 2040s. After humans reach the red planet, the next step could be construction. colony.
Colonies require a certain degree of self-sufficiency but do not need to be completely independent of the Earth. Saydam compares Mars to a remote island that still needs to import from time to time. "Most of the equipment and tools will be shipped from Earth. I don't think you can build a truck on the surface of Mars," Saydam said.
The Martian colony will need some sort of activity to sustain itself financially. Space tourism is an option, but Saydam says mining is the key to successful colonization.
While the most realistic option for extraterrestrial settlements, Mars is not necessarily the most suitable planet for humans. More than 95% of the Martian atmosphere is CO2, the climate is very cold with an average temperature of about -60 degrees Celsius, it takes spacecraft from Earth about 8.5 months to reach Mars and is also attacked by radiation.